DRAFT: How Commercial Properties are Valued

At the Cook County Assessor’s Office (CCAO), our role includes reviewing and valuing commercial properties. Commercial properties include:

  •  Industrial properties such as warehouses and factories

  •  Retail properties such as stores and restaurants

  •  Residential properties with seven or more units       

In Cook County, we review ⅓ of properties each year and determine their current value. We rotate between properties in the City of Chicago, north suburbs, and south and west suburbs.

To find the value of properties, we use the income approach to reassess commercial properties. We apply the income approach on a mass appraisal basis using market data for Potential Gross Income (PGI), Vacancy & Collections (V&C), Effective Gross Income (EGI), Operating Expenses, and Capitalization Rates. Here’s an overview of what goes into this process.

Researching the Property’s Value

First, we review some important information to help us calculate a property’s market value, or how much the property could sell for today. 
 

Potential Gross Income (PGI)


What is it: How much a property owner would earn annually if all units were occupied and leased at the current market rents. 
Where we get this information: Market data from third-party sources and past appeal information for similar properties. 

Vacancy and Collection Loss (V&C)


What is it: An estimate of typical unearned rent for similar properties.
Where we get this information:  This information comes from market data, third-party sources and past appeal information for similar properties.

Effective Gross Income (EGI)


What is it: The estimated income a property would produce using market data.
How it is calculated: Subtracting the Vacancy and Collection Loss rate from the Potential Gross Income

Net Operating Income (NOI)


What is it: Income to run a business property after typical expenses such as:

  • Property taxes 
  • Insurance
  • Repair and maintenance costs
  • Property management fees
  • Professional services fees (legal, marketing)

How it is calculated: Subtracting Operating Expenses from the Effective Gross Income. 

Where we get this information: This information comes from market data, third-party sources and past appeal information for similar properties.

Note: Expenses not typically included in operating expenses
•    Depreciation
•    Debt costs
•    Mortgage costs
•    Capital expenses
•    Owner’s equity / payments to owners
•    Broker commissions (unless amortized over the life of the lease) 

•    Tenant improvement allowances (unless amortized over the life of the lease) 

Capitalization Rate (Cap Rate)

What is it: A real estate metric (%) used to estimate the potential earnings on an investment property. The Assessor's Office only uses an unloaded cap rate. This means the real estate taxes are included in the operating costs.  

How it is calculated: It's calculated by dividing the property's net operating income (NOI) by its market value or purchase price and is expressed as a percentage. 

Where we get this information: This information comes from market data, third-party sources and past appeal information for similar properties.

Examples:
A property with $100,000 of net income divided by a 9.5% cap rate has an estimated market value of $1,052,631.
A property with $100,000 of net income divided by a 6.5% cap rate has an estimated market value of $1,538,461.

ADDITIONAL LAND

If a property has an above normal land to building ratio, the CCAO addresses this additional value by adding in the additional land value (additional square footage x land price per SF).

Applying the Level of Assessment

 Next, once we know the current market value, a level of assessment is applied. This is the percentage of the market value that will be taxed depending on the type of building. These levels of assessment are set by Cook County ordinance.

 
Commercial properties like office, industrial, and retail buildings typically have a 25% level of assessment. Multifamily properties like apartment buildings where people live have a 10% level of assessment. Here’s an example:

 Commercial BuildingMultifamily Apartment Building
Market Value$1,000,000$1,000,000
Assessment Level25%10%
Assessed Value for Determining Property Taxes$250,000$100,000
Additional Savings Property Owners May Be Eligible For: Commercial properties may be eligible for temporary incentives that could lower assessment levels. These incentives are intended to stimulate the local economy and vary by township. To learn more about incentives and affordable housing programs, review the buttons on the left hand column of this page. 

Example of the Income Approach

 

                                  INCOME APPROACH 
potential Gross Income$1,942,776 
Vacancy and Collection Loss $135,9947.0%

Effective Gross Income 

$1,806,782 

 
 
Op Expenses (excluding RE tax) $325,22118.00% 

Real Estate Tax Expense 

$567,819 

31.43% 

Total Operating Expenses 

$893,040 

49.43% 

 

Net Operating Income 

$913,742 

 

Capitalization Rate 

8.50% 

 

Market Value 

$10,749,904 

 
 

Additional Land Value 

$10,000 

 

Market Value with Additional Land 

$10,759,904 

 

Finalizing and Sharing the New Reassessed Value
Lastly, if a commercial property you own is reassessed, we will send you a notice that informs you of the new estimated Fair Market Value.

You can review how your property was valued by accessing our detailed methodology reports. Click on the township your property is in and then open the file to locate your PIN to see exactly how your property was reassessed.